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(Computers in Libraries Via Acquire Media NewsEdge) Drawing Down Big Info Into Little Apps
Mobile apps are a delivery option that libraries need to consider when developing service and content for their users.
In the past 5 years, cloud computing has gone from an abstract idea to state-of-the-art storage, transforming the way organizations structure their information services and making ubiquitous just-in-time (JIT) information a reality. Untethered from landlines, ethernet ports, and other tangible signs of connections, users can connect to information, entertainment, communication, and networking at the click of a key on a laptop, netbook, and – increasingly – cellphones, tablets, and PDAs. Today’s mobile devices provide far more than communications on-the-go – they often include video and still cameras, microphones, computing power, video and audio players, and GPS systems. Mobile apps are also revolutionizing the potential for rapid information dissemination and access.
“Mobile will continue to grow rapidly over the next five years,” notes IBISWorld industry analyst Kevin Culbert. “Over the past decade, people have continued to shift consumption of media online. The ability of today’s phones to display full webpages has furthered this trend while the continued adoption of smartphones will boost mobile app and advertising spending in the years to come.”
The Growing Appetite for Apps
Mobile applications, or apps, are pieces of software that can run over the internet or on your computer, cellphone, or other PDA-type device. An IDC research study released in June 2010 estimated that 107 billion apps were sold or acquired in 2010 and predicted the number of apps would rise to 182.7 billion by 2015. In June 2011, Google announced that its Android mobile operating system had recorded more than 4.5 billion app downloads – impressive, yet well behind Apple’s estimated 14.5 billion app downloads.
Apps first became a profitable enterprise with the launch of the Apple App Store to support iPod, iPad, and iPhone applications. In the early days, apps were made available through stores established and controlled by the cellphone makers – Google for Android devices, Apple for its iPhone and iPad, RIM for its BlackBerry devices – and app development remained the stuff of professional software developers.
Apple’s move into the app marketplace provided the impetus to move the market forward rapidly. From the start, iTunes’ apps proved accessible, compelling, and fun, accelerating the market’s development. It also legitimized the system for app distribution via device-hosted stores.
Writing on a NYTimes.com blog, David Pogue notes that there are 90,000 iPad apps, “not counting the 475,000 apps for the iPhone,” clearly more than for any other platform. “Although it will be hard for newcomers to beat Google or Apple as mobile application distributors,” Culbert notes, “the market for app developers is flourishing.”
More than half of all apps listed in the various app stores are free or even public domain. Credit for this is due to the wide variety of development tools that have come to market that make it possible for most people to create their own apps. With the release of Google’s App Inventor for Android, though still officially in beta, the company sought to make app development “simple but powerful” so that teachers could create study tips and quizzes, anyone could create geographic information systems (GIS) to help people find their way to some destination, and people could communicate over the web and “have the app read the incoming texts aloud to you.”
The proprietary nature of Apple’s operating system and its desire to control the process has not been universally applauded. Apple actively filters all developer app submissions, selecting the ones it wishes to sponsor on its site, and sells only those programs that work under the Apple OSI format (iPhone, iPod, and iPad), freezing out anyone who doesn’t have an Apple device.
“Apple and Android have really been the driving forces behind app growth in the last couple of years,” Culbert explains. “The biggest difference between the two is the ‘walled-garden’ approach of Apple and the more open nature of Google’s platform. The walled-garden approach is generally taken to produce higher-quality, more stable applications – indeed, Apple has a notoriously stringent acceptance policy for applications submitted to its App Store. In spite of this, many developers have apps on each platform. For example, the Weather Channel has apps for each Apple, Android, and Blackberry”
If Apple users try to tweak their phones to allow for apps from someone besides the App Store, Apple voids their device warranty. Called “jailbreaking,” this form of user control has gained a great deal of popularity in the past few years … so much so that Apple itself began selling “unlocked” versions of its iPhone 4 – not just to deal with potential piracy or to shore up its Western markets but also to ensure greater success as it moves into Chinese and other global markets.
Moving Information Into the Cloud
Andrew McLaughlin, Google’s head of global public policy and government affairs, believes that “one of the most important transformations the federal government will go through in the next decade is what’s called a shift to cloud computing; treating computer storage and processing like a commodity – like water or electricity – and allowing people to build applications on top of the infrastructure in a very flexible, open, and powerful way.” Mobile apps represent one of the first, major development trends in this cloud environment.
“A move towards clouds signals a fundamental shift in how we handle information,” notes Stephen Baker in a recent Bloomberg Businessweek piece. “At the most basic level, it’s the computing equivalent of the evolution in electricity a century ago when farms and businesses shut down their own generators and bought power instead from efficient industrial utilities.”
2010 – A Pivotal Year
2010 was the year that saw Apple’s iPad become the compelling technology of choice for adults, with estimates of anywhere from 5 to nearly 9 million sold since its release, with half of those sold in the U.S. alone. When Google’s Android operating system for smartphones was released in 2007, few phones were available to use the system – today, Android is the fastest growing mobile platform in the world. Gartner found 3.5% of all phones ran under Android in 2009 and predicts that by 2012 Android will hold almost 50% of the market share for smartphones.
Equally significant is the Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) recent action on Net Neutrality. In its extensive (194-page) ruling released in December 2010, the FCC determined that mobile wireless providers can’t block applications that compete with the provider’s own voice or video telephony services. Although this would appear to give app developers more latitude in developing and selling their wares, many believe that the language of the ruling leaves too many issues unclear.
However, the real game-changer in the mobile market has been the explosion in the number, breadth, and quality of mobile apps available. Mobile app downloads – free or feebased – have grown dramatically. App developers now routinely develop products for all popular platforms to ensure a maximum authence. In a November market study, IDC projected “annual mobile app downloads to increase from 38.2 billion in 2011 to nearly 182.7 billion in 2015 as developers create apps for virtually every aspect of a mobile user’s personal and business lives.”
Mobile app developers will ‘appify’ just about every interaction you can think of in your physical and digital worlds,” explains IDC vice president Scott Ellison. “The extension of mobile apps to every aspect of our personal and business lives will be one of the hallmarks of the new decade.”
Curated Content
All of this technological change is enabling a new phenomenon: user curated content. “Unlike user generated content, which is the established name for popular content created and uploaded to the Web on blogs, Flickr pictures, Youlube videos and so on,” explains Eurocloud’s Phil Wainewright, “user curated content is already-existing content which a user or provider has filtered, flagged, or organized in some way.”
Wired’s Eliot Van Buskirk notes that the “Kindle, cellphone, MP3 player, GPS and other specific-purpose devices curate functionality in order to deliver a better experience than a general-purpose desktop computer could ever deliver. This holds especially true for devices designed around consumption, such as portable MP3 players or big-screen televisions.”
Van Buskirk believes “We live in the Age of Curation, of which the iPad is just a recent manifestation.” However, with so many devices, so much information, so many diverse authences, the issue of curation will continue to be critical for information providers and individual users alike.
Forrester analyst Sarah Rottman Epps sees curation as giving less choice but more relevance to users while diffusing editorial power to users themselves. Epps explains the concept this way: “A consumer can do anything with a Windows PC or Mac, like run commands, install robust software, connect easily to peripheral devices, and save files locally. The iPad operates very differently. Its operating system works more like a jukebox than a desktop – consumers choose (and pay for) applications from a predetermined set list. Each of those applications is, in itself, also curated; the publisher selects content and functionality that’s appropriate to the form factor, just as a museum curator selects artworks from a larger collection to exhibit in a particular gallery space.”
Curation isn’t just for professionals or publishers providing curated content for users – it also allows users to create their own. Today, notes New York University’s (NYU) Clay Shirky, “Everyone is a media outlet. The point of everyone being a media outlet is really not at all complicated. It just means that we can all put things out in the public view now. Curation comes up when people realize that it isn’t just about information seeking, it’s also about synchronizing a community.”
The “curation” label and discussion began with the design of the iPad. Van Buskirk notes that “curation is the positive flip side of Apple’s locked-down approach, decried as a major, negative development in computing by many observers . . . Who would have thought that in 2010, so many people would pay good money for a computer that only runs approved software? It runs counter to the idea, prized by geeks, that computing equals freedom. If it were Microsoft doing this, we’d all be storming the Gates with torches and pitchforks.”
Mobile apps provide not only just-in-time ready reference anytime anywhere, but they also provide both an alternative, targeted delivery model and a challenge to information organizations that need to work with these evolving technologies and models as consumers ourselves – and, hopefully, as designers of newer products and services for our users.
Information as ‘Constantly Updated Conversation’
We are seeing faster and faster changes in the technological landscape. With Apple’s release of the iMac in 1998 – and lacking any internal floppy drives by design – you can mark the beginning of the end for the floppy diskette. Streaming video services such as Netflix, YouTube, HuIu, and so many others seem to signal the end of the DVD era. Today cloud computing appears to mark the evolution to a whole new way to conceptualize storage and information access.
“I call apps post-browser publishing,” notes practical futurist Michael Rogers. “Ever since 1994 we content producers have been stuck inside the browser, which not only took up valuable screen real estate, but tended to commoditize everything. Around 2000 or so I found myself beginning to resent the browser. The very name ‘browser’ works against long-term attention to a single publication – the evolution of browsers over the years has been toward making it ever easier to leave one place and go to another. Apps are a huge step forward for content producers.”
Social media – and even more so with apps – are now turning information into “living documents” that constantly evolve, grow, and change. What is the implication for information curation and verification?
“Obviously, information in many ways is already turning into a constantly updated conversation,” Rogers believes. “Taken to the extreme, you could argue that the traditional newspaper pyramid structure (overview at the topic, increasing detail as you read further) should be replaced in all cases by the Hog’s reverse chronology, since news is almost always changing.”
“But I think that ultimately we’re going to find that the crucial question in information will be ‘What’s your frequency?’ If we are going to create information that includes verification and analysis, it will necessarily take longer to produce. Asidebar to that information might be continuing updates, but the authence will need to know and appreciate the difference between what takes 5 minutes to produce and what takes a week to produce. Content producers will state their frequency at the outset, and contour the content appropriately.”
Each major change forces information providers to reconceptualize and alter their services and resources. Today, for information providers, keeping up with technological change is daunting but critical – just as it is for information professionals and libraries. Mobile apps are just the latest kinds of technology that offer this challenge and opportunity for change.
Content Is Key
Malcolm Brown, director of EDUCAUSE’s Learning Initiative, is immersed in issues of learning principles, learning styles, evidence of impact, and the evaluation and promotion of new learning technologies in higher education. Do mobile apps represent a major advance for education? “The average mobile device is still something that will never allow for [students] to write their papers or read most textbooks. The phone is able to give you content on an anytime, anywhere basis. The question is that if you improve access does it have ramification[s] for the quality of learning that goes on. The issue of whether learning is improved is a huge and complicated issue. The real question is whether or not something will happen with mobile apps beyond being able [to] access information with a bit more rapidity. Or does that, by itself, also contribute to the learning experience in a positive and, perhaps, meaningful way.
“The way I think of it is that we aren’t really talking about mobile devices but mobile computing. I think that the laptop was the first stage in that. If you think of all of the things that an academic or student or librarian needs to do in terms of computing, that was all done on desktops just a few years ago,” Brown explains. “Then the laptop came along, able to do anything that the desktop could do with the advantage of being portable.
“Now we are moving to even more mobile devices, with the iPad able to enable an even larger set of those computing functions to move to a highly mobile device. So, ownership is increasing but I think you need to move on to consider usage of those devices,” Brown continues. “It is interesting to note that even though many own these devices, only a subset use these features on even a weekly basis, and an even smaller subset use them on a daily basis.
“Right now, for mobile devices, the main use is for quick check-in and check-out for updates to Facebook, email or to see if the professor posted anything new on the course page. For the more in-depth applications, working with content, the mobile phone may not be the best device. That’s why I think the iPad changes the game a bit, allowing for more functionality and greater storage and display options.”
Whatever the case, mobile apps are a delivery option that libraries need to consider when developing service and content for their users. From information on physical locations, hours, and other directional types of resources to distilling key information on collections and services for busy users on-the-go, mobile applications are a critical technology to be considered.
Apple has hundreds of thousands of apps for the iPhone.
A Sampler of Available App Development Tools
App development tools are widely available today- often in limited trials oras free versions- to help anyone translate programs, tools, tips, or other information into the cellphone SMS (short message service) format. This is still serious complicated work, and many products are designed for a particular operating system. Here are just a few, with notations on which platforms are supported:
App Inventor (Android)
http://appinventor.googlelabs.com
This is an excellent, well-documented free system (with registration) from Google.
Appmakr beta (Apple)
www.appmakr.com
This development tool, available in free or fee-based versions, “enables anyone to build rich content based apps using a point and click solution.”
BuildAnApp (Apple, Android, BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, mobile web)
www.buildanapp.com/home.action
A free 30-day trial is available on this system, which uses a six-step wizard to help the novice through the development phase.
Canvas (multiple)
www.gocanvas.com
“Build it yourself or find an App in our ever growing Application Store … either way all of the Canvas mobile apps work on the widest variety of Smartphones and mobile devices in the market.” Canvas has a monthly service charge per device for unlimited apps from its site.
goMobi
This service translates existing websites into mobile-ready websites, more easily viewed on the small screen.
ShoutEm
www.shoutem.com
Another real-time, location-based app development tool that lets you “make your web site go mobile, with our rich set of mobile applications for iPhone, Blackberry and Java enabled phones. Android should join the gang soon. Supported features are: Friend finder, location sharing (Check in), Augmented reality, status and photo updates, link and video sharing and much more.”
Socialight
“Socialight is a platform for communities that want to create, and interact around, location-based content, letting developers build location-based applications for any internet-connected device or website.”
SwebApps (Apple)
You can “build your own iPhone app in minutes,” using this fee-based product.
Finding the Right App
Apps are available in many places today-from producerwebsites to specialized lists or the catalogs of app stores sponsored by the various cellphone makers. Here are justa few, mostly device-centric, that include free, fee-based, and public domain titles:
Android Market
www.android.com/market
Android platform
Appia
www.appia.com
Open apps store including Palm OS, WinMo, and Symbian
Apple Apps Store
www.apple.com/iphone/apps-for-iphone iOS-based apps only
BlackBerry App World
www.blackberry.com/appworld
BlackBerry (COD)-based cellphones
Cydia
Apps for jailbroken iPhone/iPad/iPods
Nokia’s Ovi Store
www.ovi.com
Covers Flash Lite, Java, Maemo, Linux, and Symbian platforms
Palm App Catalog
www.palm.com/us/products/software/ mobile-applications.html
Palm’s web OS platform
PlayNow Arena
(Sony Ericsson)
www.playnow-arena.com
Java, Flash Lite Symbian, WinMo platforms
Samsung Apps
www.samsungapps.com
Android
Windows Phone Shop Apps
http://marketplace.windowsphone.com
WinMo
Nancy K. Herther is the anthropology/sociology librarian at the University ofMinnesota Libraries with a longtime interest in information technology trends. She can be reached at herther@umn.edu.
(c) 2011 Information Today, Inc.

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